Locke: Of Identity And Diversity

Locke: Of Identity And Diversity I will begin by analyzing John Lockes theory of personal identity. Locke describes personal identity in his chapter Of Identity and Diversity, where he differentiates identity into different components until he creates a more general account of identity. Locke begins by explaining how Each individual atom is the same at a time, and stays the same over time.1It is in his first few lines that Locke stresses that identity for atoms depends on their continued identical existence over time. He then makes it clear that the most important part of identity of an organism is the continuation of the same life. However, Lockes difficulty is in deciding if physical or psychological continuity was more important. It is clear that Locke rejects the idea that the identity of the human body is a necessary part of the identity of a person. Locke proves this point using his example of the soul of a prince in the body of a cobbler: For should the soul of a prince, carrying with it the consciousness of the princes past life, enter and inform the body of a cobbler, as soon as deserted by his own soul, everyone sees he would be the same person with the prince, accountable only for the princes actions; but who would say it was the same man?2 In this example Locke shows that the human body is not necessary in personal identity since you could have the same person in two different bodies. Since the physical body cannot maintain personal identity, Locke comes to the conclusion that it must be the psychological aspect of humanity that retains personal identity. 1It is at this point that the emphasis of identity is placed on the psychological rather than the physical aspect of life as stated in Lockes second book: This may show us wherein personal identity consists: not in the identity of substance, but in the identity of consciousness3 Lockes next point was to differentiate between a man and a person. He uses the example of a rational talking parrot and compares it to an organism with the same shape as a human being though; it is unable to engage in rational discourse.1 This thought experiment is used by Locke to demonstrate that rationality is not an essential part of a man. Since rational discourse was not a necessary part of man. Locke expressed identity using something else. Thus, Locke finally narrowed down the integral part of personal identity to consciousness. Lockes definition of conscious is as follows: Consciousness is both a necessary and a sufficient condition for a morally vital sense of personal identity.3 Locke describes the essence of self as being their consciousness, which he states as something distinguishable for every thinking thing. This consciousness is described as the sameness of a rational being. The unique characteristic of consciousness is that allows it to retain personal identity is that it can be extended backwards to any past action or thought. It is this characteristic that Locke uses to explain his theory of personal identity. 4Locke also disagrees with the Cartesian view of the soul, which held that a mans soul was of an entirely different essence than his body, focusing more on the connectedness of the same conscious thought. Therefore, Locke reaches the conclusion that personal identity can only be achieved through psychological continuity. As a result of this, psychological continuity relies only on the beings ability to consciously look back on their previous existence and be able to distinguish between conscious thought and memory. This distinction is extremely important to bec ause Locke is frequently ambiguous when dealing with both terms. When he refers to conscious memory, he implies that it represents the consciousness of a past experience. Conscious thought, on the other hand, involves perceiving that one perceives. Locke explains that when we will anything, we are always conscious of it. Psychological continuity, as Locke describes it, also insinuates that a person who exists at one time is indistinguishable with a person who exists at a second time only if the first person remembers some past experience that connects the second person to the second time. Therefore, Lockes definition of personal identity centers around the continuity of the consciousness, which is able to relate past and present memories and retain some sense of self awareness. Now that I have explained and given an analysis of Lockes theory of personal identity, I will now evaluate the validity of Lockes theory by proving that his account of personal identity is incorrect. Lockes arguments contain flaws from their conception. I have a great difficulty with Lockes statement of self-conscious awareness as the main constituent of personal identity since intrinsically that consciousness is available only to each unique self. Due to this dilemma, third party juries will be subject to error in many cases. In order to further explain this point, I will divide my argument into two questions; what does personal identity consist of and how can one tell a person is the same? First, since Locke defined personal identity as a persons consciousness, I will use that as my basis for this argument. Thus, since we can only tell a person through their physical aspect, it becomes impossible to distinguish if someone elses consciousness resides in the person you are looking at . An example would be if a person robbed a bank but wasnt conscious of the fact that he performed the act in the first place. According to Locke, the man should be free of all charges since he wasnt the same person who robbed the bank. This however is preposterous if in a courtroom there is evidence of that person robbing the bank, the only exception being if the person could prove they lost consciousness throughout the event. Another error found within Lockes argument centers around the fact that even though a person can switch bodies, it is the consciousness that determines the identity of the bodies. Thus it is clear that while Lockes statements seem perfectly rational in theory, practically though, they have no weight. Another flaw found in Lockes argument, is in how he leaves out particular cases where his theory of psychological continuity cannot apply. First however, I must define the distinction between person and man. Locke defines man as a living body of some particular sh ape. A person, on the other hand, is an intelligent thinking being that can know itself as itself the same thinking thing in different times and places.4An example of this would be humans who remain in vegetative conditions and show no mental faculties whatsoever. According to Lockes description of personal identity these human beings are not considered persons since nothing can be discovered from their past in order for that individual to define their psychological identity. Lockes argument between man and person becomes too controversial since the definition of both terms can never truly be settled. In conclusion, after providing examples to counterclaim Lockes argument that personal identity originates from psychological continuity it is clear that Lockes view on identity is too flawed to be correct when defining identity for each person. 1William, Uzgalis. John Locke > The Immateriality of the Soul and Personal Identity (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/supplement.html (accessed October 13, 2010). 2Locke, John. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto: Dover Publications, 2005. 517-518. 3John, Locke. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto: Dover Publications, 2005. 514. 4John, Locke. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto: Dover Publications, 2005. 515. sBibliography Uzgalis, William. John Locke > The Immateriality of the Soul and Personal Identity (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/supplement.html (accessed October 13, 2010). Locke, John. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto: Dover Publications, 2005. 517-518. Locke, John. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto: Dover Publications, 2005. 514. Locke, John. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto: Dover Publications, 2005. 515.

Mr. Padua

Mr.. Pad had been the management services director of the fruit puree division of his corporation. W/ professional experience gained from various industries, his technical expertise was undoubtedly quite valuable to the corporation. He, however, has personal attitudes w/c created a wall of hostility between him & his staff and the rest of the senior managers of his dolls. For one thing, Mr.. Pad did not see any point in laughing at a joke w/c he did not consider funny. Fortunately, his standard to â€Å"funny† was in the line of erudite humor, w/c even the other directors found too deep for reflection. Neither did he believe in attempting to gain the drift of others if only to gain rapport w/ them. He insisted in being his own person regardless of what others believe. It was, also, rare for him to concede to anything. This attitude was compounded by his difficulty in expressing his thoughts especially when it came to Justifying himself.This caused misunderstandings between him and others w/c further aggravated his win negative perception of others as well as their negative perception of him. He could not give allowances for differences In his attitude w/ those of others. Ad those who differed from him, In one sense, were treated w/ a degree of coldness. He was aware of his social deficiencies, but, according to him he simply could not be what he was not. He often mentioned that it was already very hard for him to change his ways. Outside the work place, though, Mr..Pad tried hard to be friendly w/ his staff. And, while he showed concern for their professional training, he himself could not seem to be at ease in relating to them in the workplace. It was as if he was afraid that friendship would curtail his authority. At this time, a new problem solving system was being Inculcated throughout the corporation. To show his concern for his staff, he made them the first trainees on the system. The system was designed to enable a group to Identify a problem and recommend a solution throughout the various stages of the system.The group was placed under he guidance of training assistants from the personnel directorate ensuring the objectivity of results. The exercise w/ his staff identified three difficulties in their workplace, one of which concerned Mr.. Pad. The recommended solution was to replace him. Needless to say, this put top management in a dilemma. Mr.. Pad was an officer of the company, and to continue to attract talent to officers, his tenure had to be protected. Besides, the problem focused on Mr.. Pad's personality. How exactly does one correct that?He had already attended Dale Carnage's course. On the other hand, faith In the system they were endorsing was being put to the test. If they could not support Its results now, how could they expect anyone to believe Its merits? Study Guides: 1. Describe the personality of Mr.. Pad. How Is this reflected In his communication style? 2. How was this style affected his relationship w/ his associates and Defend your stand. 4. What implication does the case have on management policies and practices on hiring and developing workers and staff?

Bis Case Study

Chapter 8 / Enterprise Business Systems ? 259 REAL WORLD CASE 2 Agilent Technologies and Russ Berrie: Challenges of Implementing ERP Systems Co. (www. russberrie. com) was taking another crack at replacing its legacy business systems. The Oakland, New Jersey–based distributor of toys and gifts ? nalized plans to roll out J. D. Edwards & Co. ’s OneWorld Xe suite of enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer relationship management, and ? nancial applications. The multimillion-dollar project was scheduled to be done in phases over the next 18 months.Russ Berrie CIO Michael Saunders said that the company, which had sales of $225 million during the ? rst nine months of 2001, hoped the OneWorld System would help it reach $1 billion in annual revenue in the coming years. Within the next 12 months, he said, Russ Berrie planned to begin installing the applications one department at a time, starting with a stand-alone implementation in purchasing. â€Å"We’re not going big bang,† Saunders said. â€Å"We’re mitigating implementation risks by taking a phased-in approach. The company had reason to be cautious. Three years before, a Y2K-related migration from its homegrown distribution, ? nancial, and customer service systems to packaged ERP applications experienced major system failures. Saunders said the problems were severe enough for Russ Berrie to take many of the new applications off-line and return to their old systems. Saunders wouldn’t identify the software vendors that were involved in the failed implementation, but sources said that SAP AG’s applications were part of the 1999 project.A spokesman at SAP con? rmed that Russ Berrie was one of its customers, but he declined to offer further details because of pending litigation between the two companies. Joshua Greenbaum of Enterprise Applications Consulting said it appeared that Russ Berrie â€Å"bit off more than they could chew† on the 1999 project. Compan ywide rollouts are especially risky for midsize businesses like Russ Berrie, Greenbaum said. T he good news is that Agilent Technologies Inc. (www. agilent. com) says its enterprise resource planning applications are stable.The bad news is they got that way only after a rocky ERP migration project that cost the company $105 million in revenue and $70 million in pro? ts. In mid-August 2002, the multinational communications and life sciences company, formerly a part of HewlettPackard Co. , said problems with the ERP components in Oracle’s e-Business Suite 11e software froze production for the equivalent of a week, leading to the massive losses. The Oracle system handles about half of the company’s worldwide production of test, measurement, and monitoring products and almost all of its ? ancial operations, as well as functions such as order handling and shipping. Agilent was in the process of migrating as many as 2,200 legacy applications that it inherited from HP to Orac le. As part of the switchover, approximately 6,000 orders in the internally developed legacy systems had to be converted to an Oracle-friendly format, an Agilent spokeswoman said from company headquarters in Palo Alto, California. She said the con? guration process had problems requiring correction.In a statement last week, Agilent President and CEO Ned Barnholt said the disruptions to the business after implementing the ERP system were â€Å"more extensive than we expected. † An Agilent spokeswoman said the issue wasn’t the quality of the Oracle application, but rather the â€Å"very complex nature of the enterprise resource planning implementation. † For its part, Oracle Corp. said it’s working closely with Agilent. â€Å"At Oracle, we are fully committed to all of our customers for the long haul and support them in any way necessary,† the company said in a statement. We have a strong relationship with Agilent, and both companies believe the impl ementation is stable. † Agilent also had a takeaway lesson: â€Å"Enterprise resource planning implementations are a lot more than software packages,† the company said in a statement. â€Å"They are a fundamental transformation of a company’s business processes. People, processes, policies, the company’s culture are all factors that should be taken into consideration when implementing a major enterprise system. † According to one analyst, ERP disasters are often caused by the user company itself.Joshua Greenbaum, an analyst at Enterprise Applications Consulting, said 99 percent of such rollout ? ascoes are caused by â€Å"management’s inability to spec out their own requirements and the implementer’s inability to implement those specs. † Russ Berrie and Co. After a three-year saga that included a $10. 3 million ? nancial hit from the failed installation of packaged applications, teddy bear maker Russ Berrie and Case Study Questi ons 1. What are the main reasons companies experience failures in implementing ERP systems? 2.What are several key things companies should do to avoid ERP systems failures? Explain the reasons for your proposals. 3. Why do you think ERP systems in particular are often cited as examples of failures in IT systems development, implementation, or management? Source: Adapted from Marc Songini, â€Å"ERP Effort Sinks Agilent Revenue,† Computerworld, August 26, 2002, pp. 1, 12; and Marc Songini, â€Å"Teddy Bear Maker Prepares for Second Attempt at ERP Rollout,† Computerworld, February 4, 2002, p. 16. Reprinted with permission from Computerworld.

Advice for Employees on national minimum wage rate and Sales of Goods - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1643 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Cause and effect essay Tags: Advice Essay Minimum Wage Essay Did you like this example?    Table of Contents Task 1: Advice for Employees to get there legal requirement of the national minimum wage rate: Task 3: Rights of Customers written in sales of goods act 1979: You may have extra rights where: What are you entitled to? Damages Proving the fault References: . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Advice for Employees on national minimum wage rate and Sales of Goods" essay for you Create order Task 1: Advice for Employees to get their legal requirement of the national minimum wage rate: Dickens (1999) argues that there is clearly a requirement to gauge the effect of the presentation of the base wage in various extents, including business, as a component of the arrangement assessment. Whats more in the setting of the global least wage banter about the late UK experience might be seen as giving a vital semi test. Since its presentation emulated a period without any base, the UK case permits immediate examination of the essential connection between a singulars position in the compensation dissemination and consequent work probabilities without a base pay and after that examination of any post-intercession change in the relationship. As the Low Pay Commission call attention to, this was a significant intercession in the labour market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" they evaluated that in overabundance of 1.5 million workers (6.4%) were qualified for a compensation expand as a consequence of its presentation (Low Pay Commission, 2000). It in this manner gives the chance to explo re the impact on work of huge compensation increments for a substantial aggregation of specialists. An extra preference for the test to be led is that the confirmation on the presentation of the UK least wage recommends an absence of overflow impacts onto the wages of higher paid specialists. Alan Manning (1999) told that the beginning stage of the methodology is that, different things equivalent, one might want the gathering of laborers whose wages must be raised to conform to the new least (i.e. those at first underneath the base) to be more influenced than an aggregation from higher up the compensation dissemination. An immediate examination of the two assemblies wont be proper to distinguish any causal impact since, even without a base wage; those at the lowest part of the pay dispersion have easier resulting livelihood probabilities. Card (2000) narrated that this has the effect in-contrasts approach a common one to take. The contrast between the two gatherings in a perio d influenced by the base pay could be contrasted and the comparable distinction in a prior period when no base compensation was set up. In the event that settled expenses for every laborer are high the superintendent will have a tendency to cut the amount of laborers and extend the workweek for those that remain. In the occasion, the altered expenses of low paid specialists are moderately low: they are low talented, have minimal at work preparing and high labour turnover. Along these lines, hours are more inclined to fall than ascent. Krueger (2000) explained that at last, UK labour law guidelines concerning excess and uncalled for release for instance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" compels firms which craving to conform work downwards (OECD 2006). Subsequently any starting conformity may go along the escalated instead of far reaching edge. Exertion contemplations clue at hours for every laborer being unaltered as opposed to cut. Assuming that the firm now obliges more terrific exerti on such that the assignments get finished in 8 hours as opposed to 10 then we might need a cut in hours. Yet there does not appear to be much scope for this to happen in segments like accommodation, retail, hairdressing, security or consideration homes. Maybe it is conceivable in cleaning, agribusiness and nourishment preparing. The counter contention is as takes after. Full-time specialists are paid (for every hour) more than proportional low maintenance workers. This suggests that full-time laborers are more gainful. Assuming this is the case, firms could be required to stretch the work week in light of a base wage as opposed to decreasing hour Task 3: Rights of Customers written in sales of goods act 1979: The Sale of Goods Act 1979 (as altered) states that products ought to be: Of attractive quality Goods are of agreeable quality assuming that they meet a standard which a sensible individual might see as being acceptable, making note of any depiction connected to them, the cost (if pertinent) and all other applicable circumstances. Acceptable quality likewise incorporates the state and state of the products, their fitness for the reason for which they were supplied, presence and completion, their wellbeing and sturdiness and if they are free from minor deformities. Open explanations made by the dealer, maker or their delegate identifying with particular qualities of the products, especially in promoting or on labelling must be precise and are an element in figuring out if merchandise are of attractive quality. Fit for the reason made known to the broker Goods must be fit for their universally useful and any specific reason that a buyer makes known to the merchant at the t ime of procurement. For instance, in the event that you purchase a resting pack it must function as a dozing sack. Assuming that you make it clear before you purchase it that you require it for -40 degree conditions and the merchant states it will be suitable then it ought to be suitable. As portrayed Goods should relate with any depiction associated with them. when would you say you are not qualified for anything? If the dealer made you mindful that the merchandise were defective before you purchased them. If the deficiency was evident and it might have been sensible to have recognized it on examination before purchasing the merchandise If you brought on any harm yourself If you have altered your opinion about the merchandise for instance they are the wrong size or you dont prefer the colour. You may have extra rights where: The contract to purchase merchandise includes credit. For additional data, look at the Your rights when purchasing using a credit card handout If you purchase merchandise by separation implies (without eye to eye contact, for example, on the web, inventory, phone) by and large you are qualified for a chilling period and can return products regardless of the fact that you have altered your opinion. For additional data, look at the Shopping from home handout. You have consented to purchase merchandise in your home, someone else home, your spot of business or throughout a trip organised by the merchant at a spot far from their standard spot of business. For additional data, look at the Your rights to drop when purchasing at. What are you entitled to? If the goods do not conform to the contract, in other words are not of satisfactory quality, fit for purpose or as described, you are legally entitled to one of the following remedies: A full refund Repair or replacement Rescission (cancelling) or reduction in price Damages If you have been sold broken merchandise, you are qualified for case from the broker any immediate overheads which you have acquired. This is called weighty misfortune. Case in point, if your clothes washer created a deficiency and apparel was torn, you could guarantee for the expense of the dress and in addition looking for repair, shift, full or fractional discount from the merchant. Demonstrating the issue If you expect to reject the merchandise for a full discount on the grounds that you have not acknowledged them, it is you, the buyer, who requirements to demonstrate that there has been a break of agreement in that the products are not of acceptable quality, fit for reason or as portrayed at the time of procurement. Assuming that you have acknowledged the merchandise and are looking for repair or trade inside the initial six months after buy, it is for the broker to demonstrate that the products adjusted to the agreement (were not defective) at the time they were sold to you. If you are guaranteeing repair or swap more than six months after buy, the trouble of confirmation is once again to you, the shopper. If you are in question with the broker, you may need to acquire a master slant to build what the issue is, the manner by which it was brought on, what it will take to deal with the issue and who is to be faulted. For additional data, look at the Getting Evidence to Prove Your Claim pamphlet. References: Abowd, John M., Francis Kramarz, David N. Margolis and Thomas Philippon (2000), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A Tail of Two Countries: Minimum Wages and Employment in France and the United Statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , mimeo, CREST, Paris, September. Angrist, Joshua and Alan Krueger (1999), Empirical Strategies in Labor Economics, in O. Ashenfelter and D. Card (eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume 3 (Elsevier). Blundell, Richard, Alan Duncan and Costas Meghir (1998), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Estimating Labor Supply Responses Using Tax Reformsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Econometrica, 66, 827-861. Brown, Charles (1999), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Minimum Wages, Employment and the Distribution of Incomeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , in O. Ashenfelter and D. Card (eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume 3 (Elsevier). Brown, Charles, Curtis Gilroy and Andrew Kohen (1982), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Effect of the Minimum Wage on Employment and Unemploymentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Journal of Economic Literature, 20, 487-528. Burkhauser, Rich ard V., Kenneth A. Couch and David C. Wittenburg (2000), A Reassessment of the New Economics of the Minimum Wage Literature with Monthly Data from the Current Population Survey, Journal of Labor Economics, 18, 653-680. Card, David and Alan B. Krueger (1994), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvaniaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , American Economic Review, 772-793. Card, David and Alan B. Krueger (1995), Myth and Measurement: The New Economics of the Minimum Wage, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. Card, David and Alan B. Krueger (2000), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: Replyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , American Economic Review, 90 (December), 1397-1420. Currie, Janet and Bruce C. Fallick (1996), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Minimum Wage and the Employment of Youth: Evidence from the NLSYà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Journal of Human Resources, 31, 404-428. Dickens, Richard, Stephen Machin and Alan Manning (1999), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Effects of Minimum Wages on Employment: Theory and Evidence from Britainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Journal of Labor Economics; 17, 1-22.