English Language Essay

English has been utilized from numerous points of view since we at any point began talking it. Presently as we move into the future, English has and still will be utilized as a global language. For what reason is it thought of so? Additionally how did this occur? There are changes continuous that influence English as a language, for example, business openings and why it is significant for any potential manager wishing to utilize somebody. It is additionally utilized by experts who are grinding away every day, on movement, or business related issues. English is spoken in a wide range of nations and numerous individuals there comprehend English as it is required for business, travel and so on. English is likewise a wellspring of information as it is expected to comprehend what individuals are stating, understanding books, composing letters, or perusing the papers for instance. Presently in this here and now we may be feeling that English won't be undermined, however will what's to come be well for English later on like it is currently? These inquiries will be replied all through this bit of text. English has become a worldwide language with worldwide noteworthiness. For a few, English has the significance of a language that has been built up for quite a while and has had enormous number of local speakers. In this sense, English, Spanish, Hindi and Arabic, the most generally spoken primary languages on the planet these days, may be considered as global dialects. Be that as it may, in spite of the fact that these dialects are spoken by countless local speakers of different human advancements, they can't fill in as a language of more extensive correspondence. It is in this feeling English is the worldwide language. In numerous occurrences it is the language of more extensive correspondence both among people from various nations and between people from one nation. Along these lines, English is a universal language in both a worldwide and a neighborhood sense. How did English become a worldwide language? At the stature of British force in spots, for example, Australia, India, Hong Kong and so on , the sun never set on the Empire which implied that the British held least one nation in every mainland and that at whatever point it was night or day it was never going to set on the British Empire completely. They had huge property in places everywhere throughout the world just as being a significant exchanging country, and English merchants could be found anyplace. English was a valuable language to learn hence. As American force overshadowed that of Great Britain, individuals didn’t need to get familiar with another dialect to manage Americans †Americans communicated in English, as well. So English’s position turned out to be increasingly dug in. English is a language of global correspondence. It is utilized in numerous spots, for instance in an air terminal where all the messages are in English. English is utilized in the travel industry, exchange, innovation. All the most up to date things inside innovation are imprinted in English. It is spoken by many individuals on the planet. It’s one of authentic dialects in United Nation and European Union. It’s simple to utilize and to convey to individuals all over the place. It’s not an extremely troublesome language to learn. All programming languages and projects are firmly associated with English. A great deal of data in the web is additionally written in English. Consequently this is the reason English turned into a global language. What potential businesses need the majority of a potential representative is somebody with inspiration, insight, and demonstrated capacity to work. In the event that you get an English degree this shows you have those characteristics. The capacity to convey is likewise truly significant for practically any occupation. Considering English shows you how to compose plainly and viably. Most courses and a few employments additionally require introductions and class conversations to build up your expressed relational abilities. This is the thing that businesses are searching for in expected representatives. Experts utilize the English language, for instance a specialist, who might utilize clinical wording with English rather than plain English. With this new innovation that we have now, there must be an unmistakable and exact route for medical caretakers and specialists to discuss. It is an all inclusive term of reference and exceptionally valuable for pinpointing or depicting an area or system that is required. Specialists and attendants may likewise utilize clinical wording while talking about something before a patient so as to forestall undue tension. Clinical â€Å"jargon† isn't at all intended to talk in pig latin before a patient. It is so that there is no slip-up when specialists are passing on data about a patient to one another. For instance, to a layman, â€Å"fever† may imply that the individual feels hot, or that the temperature is over 100 Fahrenheit. Be that as it may, nobody truly knows and can create a ton of turmoil. With clinical terms, things are extremely clear, so that even a specialist in France can peruse a logical diary article and know precisely what the writer implies. That way, additionally, medication can be worldwide and that the clinical social orders can share thoughts and advancements. Since everything in a patient’s clinical records must be archived, from signs and side effects, to the patient’s clinical history, to the last conclusion and treatment, it spares the specialists and all other clinical faculty a lot of ime to utilize an all around acknowledged type of clinical wording. What's more, significantly more critically to utilize clinical phrasing, implies it will be more secure when every single clinical expert, from specialists and medical caretakers, lab specialists to radiology specialists, and so forth utilize a similar all inclusive clinical wording so they don’t need to attempt to think about what was requested or diagrammed on the patient’s clinical records or what method a patient needs. English is utilized to impart comprehensively in light of the fact that there are a wide range of dialects on the planet, and there are none that are more significant than the English language. The utilization of the English language is something that is viewed as a necessity in numerous fields of business, particularly in the more elevated levels. Indeed, even in nations where English isn't the country’s first language, an essential information on English is commonly required. This reality is unquestionably evident in the fields of medication and processing, where one will undoubtedly need to speak with somebody that was not conceived in a similar nation that you were. Also, in these fields, having a dialect is something that unquestionably something that can prove to be useful. English and individuals around the globe have been reading it for various years for them to learn it as best as they can. Chances there will more than likely be where an individual would need to speak with somebody from another nation, and if English, an individual could profit by learning it! Furthermore, with this worldwide language of correspondence, it will not be an exertion that is futile. We can utilize English as a wellspring of information and a large portion of the information is one the web. There’s just a single issue. The majority of this information is in English. You should realize how to communicate in English and compose English so as to utilize website pages that are in English Here are a few instances of information you can utilize in the event that you know English: * Most pages on the Web. There’s over a billion (1,000,000,000) pages of data! It’s astonishing that learning only one language gives you access to practically all information on the Internet. * Books †regarding any matter, from everywhere throughout the world. Peruse books by British or American writers, and books deciphered from different dialects. Whatever you’re keen on, you can find out about it in English! * The press. Just English-language magazines and papers can be purchased in all aspects of the world. You don’t need to look for Time, Newsweek, or the International Herald Tribune! * Science. English is the way in to the universe of science. In 1997, 95% of the articles in the Science Citation Index were written in English. Just about half of them were from English-talking nations like the USA or Britain. * News reports. Watch global telecom companies, for example, CNN International and NBC. They communicate news a lot quicker, and all the more expertly, than littler, national systems. Furthermore, you can watch them wherever on the planet gave they are really communicating in English. Will English be undermined later on? Bring a goliath jump into the future by whatever implies accessible to you. A hundred years ahead would be sufficient for the reason as a main priority. You simply need to look at what changes the English language would have experienced over this timeframe. Your developing worry for the fate of the English Language is in reality reasonable, as you are completely mindful that at present certain progressions to the English language are occurring and these progressions are unavoidable as they are a piece of modernisation. So as to incorporate with the innovation of the day and to encourage the best possible utilization of current specialized strategies, for example, text informing on cell phones, the progressions that are being applied to syntax and accentuation are unavoidable. These things may occur later on and may likewise influence the eventual fate of the English language. In summarizing, English has become a universal language with worldwide importance. English is the global language in light of the fact that in certain occurrences it is the language of more extensive correspondence both among people from various nations and between people from a similar nation. English language turned into the universal language, on the grounds that the British held numerous nations and were powerful in making English the global language. English is critical to any potential boss since it tells that instructs you realize the best way to compose plainly and viably. They additionally need to be certain that your expressed relational abilities are very much evolved. Experts for instance a specialist would utilize clinical phrasing with English rather than plain English since it is expected to impart between staff in an emergency clinic where it is important that they realize what is happening w

Marketing Research Essay Example for Free

Advertising Research Essay 1. Clarify the contrast between testing for critical contrasts and testing for affiliation. On the off chance that a relationship present between two factors, it is essential to know thw bearing, the heading of a relationship can be either positive or negative. A comprehension of the quality of affiliation likewise is significant. Specialists by and large order the stenght os relationship as no relationship, feeble relationship, moderate relationship, or solid relationship. On the off chance that a reliable and precise relationship is absent, at that point there is no relationship. 2. Clarify the distinction among affiliation and causation. It depends on the off chance that we have a straight relationship, which implies the quality and nature of the connection between them continues as before over the scope of the two factors, and can be best depicted utilizing a straight line; or a curvilinear relationship, which implies the quality as well as bearing of the relationship changes over the scope of the two factors. 3. What is covariation? How can it vary from relationship? Covariation is the measure of progress in one variable that is reliably identified with the adjustment in another variable of intrigue. 4. What are the contrasts among univariate and bivariate measurable procedures? Univariate centers around one variable, and bivariate spotlights on 2 5. What is relapse examination? When might you use it? Factual method that investigates the direct connection between two factors by assessing coefficients for a condition for a straight line. One variable is assigned as needy variable and the other is called an autonomous or indicator variable. 6. What is the primary issue brought about by high multicollinearity among the autonomous factors in a numerous relapse condition? A circumstance where a few autonomous factors are exceptionally related with one another. This trademark can bring about trouble in assessing discrete or free relapse coefficients for the connected factors.

IMPACT OF POLYMERS ON SOCIETY Example

IMPACT OF POLYMERS ON SOCIETY Example IMPACT OF POLYMERS ON SOCIETY â€" Essay Example > 1-INTRODUCTION In many years the development of polymers and other related materials has continued to gain a lot of interest more especially from the scientists. Perhaps this is due it is role in developing the society. The innovative process has been witnessed in many parts of the world and more especially in the developed world. Research has shown that production of polymers related products has increased across the world and this has been attributed to the multiplication of the applications of polymers in the society. The demand for plastic has continued to increase the world over [5]. In Europe for example the current usage rate of plastic is estimated to be above 100 kg per an individual in each single year. Plastic materials are non-biodegradable. Because of its resistance to degradation, there has been persistent struggle world over to produce those polymers that are biodegradable and that are friendly to the environment. However, as the innovation processes continue there is need to establish a variety of uses for them. There is need to have an integrated system of management that will be applied to dispose the polymer wastes and recycle them. The polymer sources, usage, reuse and recycling need to be taken into consideration to ensure that benefits outweigh the cost. The ultimate objective of this assessment is to evaluate the impact of polymers in the society by looking both at its positive and negative effects. 2-POSITIVE IMPACT2-1-1-Medical applications Both natural and artificial polymers have continued to get more support perhaps because of its role in functioning in human body parts. This is because polymers can be used as replacements or supplements for different body parts such as hips, joints, knees, breasts and dental parts. This application has seen a lot of development of quality of life especially to those people who have problems that are associated with failure to function by one or more of the body parts. The polymers that are comm only used to replace body parts include: the polyethylene (PE), the polyurethane (PU), the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyacetal (PA), the polylactic acid (PLA), the polypropylene (PP) and the Polysulfone (PS). Given the fact that different polymers are made from different materials, they have enabled the medicine sector to better its services by applying some of these polymers to different functions within the medical sector. Polymers are also characterized by there forms which make it easier for them to be modified into different shapes in order to serve different needs. Since polymers have a quality of being strong materials, they do qualify to be used develop artificial structures such as bone plates as well as nails [Table 1]. Table 1: different materials used in medical applications 2-1-2-Joint ReplacementJoints play a very vital role in the body of a human body. This is because it is by their existence that body parts can move. Ideally, it is through flexible joints th at human beings can walk and remain flexible all the time. In some cases joints may develop some complications which may be related to injuries and fractures and even illness [7]. In such cases polymers are used by medical practitioners either to supplement or totally replace the affected joints [Figure 1].

Taking a Look at Slave Narratives - 527 Words

Discussion and Analysis Slave narratives offered valuable information about slavery because slave narratives were experienced by slaves themselves so they documented their life and recorded their experience under slavery; they revealed their daily life, their thoughts, their values, their fears, their struggles, and their efforts to obtain freedom. Reading slave narratives helped the readers to realize the idea that slaves were real human beings who were as properties that could be bought, sold, and owned by others. Thus, readers would be able to learn more about the cruel nature of slavery, the relationship between slaves and their masters, the relationship between slaves and their families, their techniques and strategies which they used to escape, their personalities, and their culture. These narratives gave voice and granted right to generations of African American to narrate their stories from different perspectives, some of them described slavery from the viewpoint of black women, some of them describ ed slavery from the viewpoint of a black men who was born a slave and later escaped to the North, and some of them described slavery from the viewpoint of free men who were kidnapped and sold as slaves. The structure of slave narratives in the antebellum usually began with information about slave’s birth and childhood to establish an identity and to prove to the readers that they were normal human beings, butShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Octavia Butler s Kindred912 Words   |  4 PagesHowever, the narrative itself is fascinating in the way it confronts history in order to deconstruct it and rebuild it. Dana’s journey to antebellum Maryland enables the reader to take a new look at characters they though they knew, like Sarah’s role as the â€Å"mammy.† Butler’s blending of the Neo-slave narrative genre and Fantasy allows her protagonist to get up close and person with these figures to see how well her â€Å"knowledge† of them in 1976 hold upà ¢â‚¬â€when she has to live as a slave herself. By closingRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance and Slave Narratives1431 Words   |  6 Pagesstrides in politics and economics which was very different from how the slaves lived and hoped, but there still were similarities like a will for a better life, and hope for the future which both embraced even though they were in a dreadful position. Of course there also are differences, in this case that Harlem writers and artist were more educated and saw education as a stair way towards progress and equality, where the slave authors didn’t have education and didn’t care about it, the second differenceRead MoreFrederick Douglass’ Outright and Subtle Irony1219 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Frederick Douglass’ Outright and Subtle Irony Frederick Douglass’ Outright and Subtle Irony Frederick Douglass’ autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave offers a depiction of slavery like very few before him, from his firsthand accounts. Douglass wanted to show his opposition to slavery and knew he would meet many criticisms. Due to this criticism, he had to mask much of his work with irony. Some of his works are obvious andRead MoreBeloved by Toni Morrison1455 Words   |  6 Pagessuffered horrifically. Not many slaves knew their mothers because they were torn from their homes. Many slave women were robbed of their innocence by their masters. Behind the face of every slave, there is always a very traumatic unforgettable story which is not something to pass on, but a lesson to remember from repeating same mistake again. Only a handful of slaves learned to read and write, and from their stories we can read the horrors they went through. Slave narratives brings these hardships to lightRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Dou glass, An American Slave916 Words   |  4 Pages Narrative of The Life of Fredrick Douglass, an American Slave In Fredrick Douglass’s a narrative, Narrative of The Life of Fredrick Douglass, an American Slave, he narrates an account of his experiences in the dehumanizing institution of slavery. This American institution was strategically formatted to quench any resemblance of human dignity. Throughout, the narration of his life Fredrick Douglas, meticulously illustrates the methodical process that contributed to the perpetual state of slaveryRead MoreThe Ethics Of Ambiguity, By De Beauvoir1283 Words   |  6 Pagesmake choices. This is more eloquently described in by De Beauvoir in her work The Ethics of Ambiguity, in which she explains that taking this right away from someone is oppressive and inhumane. One of the greatest examples of this immoral actions is the slavery that happened in the United States. This tragic historical event provides us with the illustration of what it looks like to take away someone’s basic right to choice. It is also imperative to understand that s lavery, although having physicallyRead More12 Years a Slave and Crossing the River: Postcolonial Critique1155 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Atlantic slave trade, subsequently producing unconscious bigotry and racialized fantasies. As a postcolonial United States absconded from the political, cultural and economic ways of Great Britain, imperialism remained as a consequence of the human colonialism of slavery. Steve McQueen’s adaptation of 12 Years a Slave depicts the legacy of slavery and racism, and its relation to the African American diaspora. Through the collapse of identity and white prevalence, 12 Years a Slave subverts orderRead MoreThe Escape Of William And Ellen Craft Essay1630 Words   |  7 Pagesincrease in the phenomenon of runaway slaves proportional to the increase in slavery at the time. To accommodate slaves, the Underground Railroad and several committees dedicated to the aid of fugitive slaves were developed. Free blacks and whites collaborated with the intent of assisting slaves in their journey to the north and in maintaining their freedom while living in northern states. Abolitionist societies also worked to document the experiences of runaway slaves and expose to the public the atrocitiesRead MoreIntroduction. Equiano Olaudah A Slave From Eboe Who Became1319 Words   |  6 PagesOlaudah a slave from Eboe who became an important figure in the history of slavery, was kidnapped at the age of 11/12 years of age along with his sister from their hometown in the village of Essaka (Benin), a state which is now located in the southern region of Nigeria, West Africa. Born in 1745, in an isolated, but a rich kingdom called Eboe, Olaudah Equiano, commonly known as Gustavus Vassa was born. The youngest boy of seven children, he was a favorite of his mother. His narrative has not onlyRead MoreEquiano Olaudah A Slave From Eboe Who Became An Important1431 Words   |  6 PagesOlaudah a slave from Eboe who became an important figure in the history of slavery, was kidnapped at the age of 11/12 years of age along with his sister from their hometown in the village of Essaka (Benin), a state which is now located in the southern region of Nigeria, West Africa. Born in 1745, in an isolated, but a rich kingdom called Eboe, Olaudah Equiano, commonly known as Gustavus Vassa was born. The youngest boy of seven children, he was a favorite of his mother. His narrative has not only

Biography of Queen Alexandra

Queen Alexandra (December 1, 1844 – November 20, 1925) was the longest-serving Princess of Wales in British history. She was the wife of King Edward VII, the successor to Queen Victoria. Although her public duties were limited, Alexandra became a style icon and did significant charity work in her lifetime. Fast Facts: Queen Alexandra Full Name:  Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise JuliaOccupation: Queen of the United Kingdom and Empress of IndiaBorn: December 1, 1844 in Copenhagen, DenmarkParents: Christian IX of Denmark and his consort, Louise of Hesse-KasselDied: November 20, 1925 in Norfolk, EnglandKnown For: Born a princess of Denmark; married Queen Victorias son and heir; as queen, held little political power but was influential in fashion and charity workSpouse: King Edward VII (m. 1863-1910)Children: Prince Albert Victor; Prince George (later King George V); Louise, Princess Royal; Princess Victoria, Princess Maud (later Queen Maud of Norway); Prince Alexander John Princess of Denmark Born Princess Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise Julia of Denmark, Alexandra was known to her family as â€Å"Alix.† She was born at the Yellow Palace in Copenhagen on December 1, 1844. Her parents were minor royalty: Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glà ¼cksburg and Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel. Although they were members of the Danish royal family, Alexandras family lived a comparatively low-key life. Her father Christian’s income came only from his army commission. Alexandra had several siblings, but was closest to her sister Dagmar (who would later become Maria Feodorovna, Empress of Russia). Their family was close with Hans Christian Andersen, who occasionally visited to tell the children stories. The Danish royal family became more complicated in 1848, when King Christian VIII died and his son, Frederick, became king. Frederick was childless, and because he ruled both Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein, which had differing succession laws, a crisis arose. The ultimate outcome was that Alexandra’s father became the heir to Frederick in both regions. This change elevated Alexandra’s status, as she became the daughter of a future king. However, the family remained outside of court life, partially due to their disapproval of Frederick. Princess of Wales Alexandra was not Queen Victoria and Prince Albert’s first choice to marry their son, Prince Albert Edward. Nevertheless, Alexandra was introduced to the Prince of Wales by his sister, Princess Victoria, in 1861. After a courtship, Edward proposed in September of 1862, and the couple were married on March 10, 1863 at St. George’s Chapel at Windsor Castle. The wedding was a less festive occasion than many had hoped for, since the court was still in mourning for Prince Albert, who had died in December 1861. Alexandra gave birth to their first child, Prince Albert Victor, in 1864. The couple would go on to have a total of six children (including one who died at birth). Alexandra preferred to be a hands-on mother, but she also continued to enjoy her social life, carrying on hobbies such as hunting and ice skating. The couple were the center of society, bringing a youthful fun to a court long-dominated by a strict (and now mourning) queen. Even after rheumatic fever left her with a permanent limp, Alexandra was noted for being a charming and cheerful woman. Although most accounts seem to show that Edward and Alexandra had a fairly happy marriage, Edwards affection for his wife did not stop the prince from continuing his infamous playboy ways. He carried on several affairs throughout their marriage, both flings and long-term extramarital relationships, while Alexandra remained faithful. She became increasingly isolated, due to a hereditary condition that caused her to slowly lose hearing. Edward ran in scandalous circles and was very nearly implicated in at least one divorce hearing. As Princess of Wales, Alexandra performed many public duties, taking on the burden of some of her mother-in-law Victoria’s public appearances such as opening ceremonies, attending concerts, visiting hospitals, and otherwise conducting charity works. She was a popular young addition to the monarchy and was almost universally liked by the British public. In the early 1890s, Alexandra and her family suffered multiple losses that would also change the course of two monarchies. Prince Albert Victor, her eldest son, died in 1892 at the age of 28 after falling ill during a flu pandemic. His death devastated Alexandra. Albert Victors younger brother, George, became the heir and even married Albert Victor’s former fiancà ©e, Mary of Teck; it is from this line that the current British monarchy descends. Alexandra’s sister Dagmar also suffered a major loss in 1894: her husband, the Russian Tsar Alexander III, died. Dagmars son took the throne as Nicholas II. He would be the last tsar of Russia. Queen At Last Edward was the longest-serving Prince of Wales in history during his lifetime. (He was surpassed by his descendant Prince Charles in 2017.) However, he finally ascended to the throne upon Queen Victoria’s death in 1901. By this time, Edward’s taste for excess was catching up to him and his health, so Alexandra had to appear in his place for a few events. This was the only time that Alexandra was permitted to be involved in matters of importance. She held political opinions (for example, she was wary of German expansion from the beginning) but was ignored when she expressed them in both public and private. Ironically, her distrust proved prescient: she urged against the British and Germans â€Å"swapping† dominion over a pair of islands, which the Germans ended up using as a fortified stronghold during the world wars. Edward and his ministers went so far as to exclude her from trips abroad and forbid her to read briefing papers so that she would not try to exert any influence. Instead, she poured her efforts into charity work. On one occasion, however, Alexandra broke protocol and appeared publicly in a political context. In 1910, she became the first queen consort to visit the House of Commons and watch a debate. She would not be queen consort for long, though. Only a few months later, she was on a trip to Greece, visiting her brother, King George I, when she received word that Edward was seriously ill. Alexandra made it back in time to say goodbye to Edward, who died on May 6, 1910 after a bout of bronchitis and a series of heart attacks. Their son became King George V. Later Years and Legacy As the queen mother, Alexandra mostly continued her duties as she had as queen consort, focusing her efforts on charity work with a side of anti-German cajoling. Her generosity was renowned, as she willingly sent money to anyone who wrote to her asking for help. She lived to see her fears about the Germans realized with the outbreak of World War I, and rejoiced when her son changed the royal family’s name to Windsor to avoid German associations. Alexandra suffered another personal loss when her nephew, Nicholas II, was overthrown during the Russian Revolution. Her sister Dagmar was rescued and came to stay with Alexandra, but her son George V refused to offer asylum to Nicholas and his immediate family; they were murdered in 1917 by the Bolshevik revolutionaries. In the last years of her life, Alexandra’s health declined, and she died from a heart attack on November 20, 1925. She was buried at Windsor Castle next to Edward. A popular royal in life and death, Alexandra was mourned deeply by the British public, and she became the namesake for everything from palaces to ships to streets. Although she was not permitted any political influence, she was a style icon for the women of her time and defined an entire era of fashion. Her legacy was not one of politics, but of personal popularity and boundless generosity. Sources Battiscombe, Georgina. Queen Alexandra. Constable, 1969.Duff, David. Alexandra: Princess and Queen. Wm Collins Sons Co, 1980.â€Å"Edward VII.† BBC, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/edward_vii_king.shtml.

History of Architecture from Ancient world Free Essays

Discus the early development of urban architecture in the ancient Near East, with specific reference to one or two cities in the ‘Fertile Crescent. ‘ The history of civilization has been one of the most significant fields of study for a very long time. After the agriculture revolution the number of population grow rapidly, civilizations were formed and cities were being built to accommodate the growing populations of the ancient civilization. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Architecture from Ancient world or any similar topic only for you Order Now Architecture has always been a vital part of the civilizations throughout the history of mankind. As Nations become powerful and prosperous their Architecture becomes more dominant by building rater cities, public splendor and religious monuments. From the birth of civilizations until now many civilizations have appeared and disappeared from the face of the earth for various reasons. The ones that have survived and claim their existence have carried out their identity, culture and Architecture from their ancestors. Those civilizations that have vanished due to foreign invasions or other unknown reasons have left us their ancient cities and Architecture that need to be discovered. A great example that we can refer to is the Ancient Near East, where one f the earliest human civilizations were living in. It is told that the Sumerians were the first civilization that once lived in Mesopotamia which is in Ancient near east and worlds first cities also developed in here which includes Summer (Our) and Babylon (Wildfowl Matthews, n. D. ) In this Essay I will be focusing on the urban development and Architecture of the Ancient civilizations which includes the Sumerians and the Babylonians that were based in Mesopotamia the lands of Fertile Crescent. The Ancient Near East which is now known as the Middle East was the birth place of he civilization, It was here in Mesopotamia where the world’s first civilization (Sumerians) claimed their existence (Wildfowl Matthews, n. D. ) The Sumerians lived in Mesopotamia (a fertile land between the Tigris River and Euphrates River in the Ancient Near East). These two rivers were very important for the Sumerian Civilization because of agriculture and trade, since it was one of the main routs of their economy. The Sumerians were the first civilizations that farmed in large scale â€Å"It was here that the first farmers learned to cultivate grain, growing what they needed ether than gathering wild varieties†(Wildfowl Matthews, n. D. ) Following the agriculture revelation and a great increase in population led to the multiplication of large communal centers of an urban character (Lamp, n. D. , BC. 8) As it is still apparent that when a nation becomes powerful and prosperous their architecture becomes more prominent and there cities become more complex. Following the agriculture revelation the Sumerian economy grow rapidly and at the same time cities were taking shape and also public splendor and religious monuments were merging from the middle of the cities. â€Å"For the people of Ancient near east there cities meant more than Just a city for them, it was a complex that only a god could have created it and according to the ideal concept of the people in the ancient near east, cities did not develop in slow growth, to paraphrase the cosmogony: there was time when the city had not been made†¦ And then the city was made† (Lamp, n. D. , p. ) The Sumerians built their cities around a huge monumental religious building with a tower that can be seen from up to km away. They built the high tower (Gujarat) n the middle of the city that the farmers far away could still see their house of God and for the Sumerians the Gujarat was a connection between their city and the havens. The city was enclosed by a wall that was surrounded b y farms and villages. It is very important to understand the history of Architecture and planning before we could make any comment about the relationship between modern Architecture and ancient Architecture. The western Architecture that can be mentioned as a â€Å"modern Architecture† derived from the Architecture of the very first civilizations in Mesopotamia (Watkins, 2005, p. ) The city of Our is one of the most famous Ancient Cities of the Sumerians therefore it can be mentioned as a typical Sumerian Urban Architecture example. Similar to the other Sumerian cities the city of Our also had a Gujarat (a huge religious monumental building) in the middle of the main city, it is estimated that it took at least 1500 men 5 years Just to build its base. The main city of Our that was an enclosed area of 89 hectares with estimated population 34,000 people was surrounded by a huge mud-brick retaining wall that had another wall at the top which was built out of burnt-bricks. The size and population of the Our city including the towns and near suburbs that was situated outside the wall of the city was huge. As the author George R. Collins mentioned in his book (Cities and planning in the Ancient Near East) â€Å"Greater Our with its suburbs, merchant quarters and dependencies might have been a City of a quarter million people. (Lamp, n. D. , p. 15) The Architecture of the houses behind the city wall was very similar to each other; they were built out of mud-brick and they all had low doors and a few air vents in order to keep the interior cool in the summer. None of the houses was aligned with heir neighbors â€Å"the orientation of the buildings is non uniformed, with some designed to face the circular roadways and others positioned i n what appears to be a more ad hoc fashion†(Asana Herrmann, 2010, p. 6) Considering the layout, design and materials of the Mesopotamia cities and houses it becomes clear that the people of Mesopotamia were moderately conservative in terms of their approach to planning their cities and buildings(Lamp, n. D. , p. 17) Babylon the capital of Babylonian situated on the old Euphrates in Mesopotamia which is a part of modern day Iraq is one of the ancient cities that stands equally with Athens and Rome as a culture ancestor of the western civilization. It was one of the large cities of its time that had a population of around half a million people including the suburbs and towns outside the city wall (Sags, 2000, p. 26) The city and its temples were destroyed many times by foreign invaders and were frequently rebuilt because of its religious importance. The city of Babylon too like other cities in the ancient Near East had its own Architecture and planning identity, it was here that brick was widely used for religious and monumental buildings. Excavation in Iraq as revealed the city grid plan with its double walls, towers and canal connecting it to the river, as well as the foundations of brick built Temples, Palaces, fortifications and the famous Gujarat†(Watkins, 2005, up. 18-20) The city had a rectangular shape with an area of 404. 8 Hectares that was surrounded by a double fortification wall approximately mm in width with a mm cavity area in between that were reinforced by strong towers and a moat. The city had 8 main gates that lead to major streets behind the city walls and the main streets that leads to the city are paved â€Å"the main approach to the city was from a wide paved road now known as the processional way’ (Watkins, 2005) The hanging gardens that were arranged around five enormous courtyards and the massive walls of Babylon were once counted amongst the 7 wonders of the ancient world (Watkins, 2005, p. 12) Monumental and Residential buildings of the Ancient Near East As I mentioned above that most of the ancient cities were quite similar to each other in terms planning, the residential housing planning was not very different too. A typical city in the Ancient Near East would have had a monumental building in the middle of the itty with residential buildings surrounding it. According to the excavators there was a planning idea that was followed when building during the fourth millennium B. C. â€Å"The plan shows that there has been great concern for balance and symmetry in the layout of the single buildings and their fades, but there is little regard for the alignment of the temples or their relationship to one another. (Lamp, n. D. , p. 19) This reinforces the idea that the overall compositional principal was undermined as long as the individual buildings were planned considering symmetry, axes and balance. Their concern for formal planning, symmetry and axial approach is never consistently carried trough but is only applied to parts of the building† (Movement, AFAIK, Woodlouse, 2003) Letter the Babylonians adopted the same fundamentals of the Mesopotamia planning without bringing any minor changes t o it. The residential planning on the other hand was very basic, a town or a suburb was growing from a single house, and even the cities were developing in the same manner. The conclusion is that there was no difference between grown cities and planned cities. At the same time there is one principle that has always remained throughout the story of ancient planning which is the orientation of the buildings. Most of the buildings in the Ancient Near East face North West where the most pleasant wind comes from. Following the agriculture revelation for the first time in the ancient Near East, the number of population grow in the region and trade was becoming more common through the Tigris River and Euphrates River. Ancient Near East was home to the world’s first civilization and it was here that city planning and monumental buildings first appeared. Some of the architecture in the ancient Near East was counted amongst the 7 wonders of the ancient world which includes the hanging gardens in the Assyrian city and the massive walls of the Babylon city. How to cite History of Architecture from Ancient world, Papers

Public Health Coastal Development and Planned Retreat

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Public Health of Coastal Development and Planned Retreat. Answer: Importance of the vulnerability assessment Vulnerability is an elusive concept. Definition of vulnerability varies across disciplines, ranging from the environment to economics to psychology. In this current century, vulnerability has become a significant concept for guiding the evaluation, design, and targets of a program (Moret, 2014). Assessment of vulnerability of health is most important in the zone of disaster management, hazardous substance controlling and ecology especially climate change issues. Vulnerability assessment is also vital from social perspectives related to both hazards and economic vulnerability (Fuchs et al., 2011). Vulnerability assessment allows health departments to understand the places and community that are more susceptible to health impacts associated with climate change and related exposures altered by climate change. The assessment of vulnerability of places and people can be used to implement more targeted public health actions to mitigate adverse effects of climate change on people (Moret, 20 14). In recent years the notion of resilience has been highlighted very intensely in the language of the development of a community, referring to the ability of a particular community to cope with external disturbances and stresses as a result of political, social or environmental changes. Where vulnerability is concentrated on risk factors, resilience is concerned with handling of identified issues. The blend of predictable alterations in climate change-related exposures such as temperature increase, sea-level rise, precipitation etc. will consequence in intensification of prevailing health jeopardizes and the introduction of new risk factors with an elevated degree of spatial vulnerability (Haimes, 2015). Thus, vulnerability assessment of health is vital for its proper management. Description of the selected community Melanesia has consisted of 2000 islands and is home to more than 12 million people. Melanesia is a sub-part of Oceania located in the west of Pacific Ocean. Melanesian geography contains Fiji,the Solomon Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, Vanuatu,New Caledonia, Torres Strait Islands and Papua New Guinea (Taylor and Kumar 2016). The Solomon Islands consisted of about 1000 islands which are located on east side of Papua New Guinea. The Bismarck Archipelago is considered as a part of Papua New Guinea and consisted of 200 islands, mostly volcanic in nature. Vanuatu is an archipelago which is located in the east of Australia and has 83 islands. Fiji has 110 inhabited islands and 522 small islets. Vanua Levu and Viti Levuare the two major islands of Fiji. New Caledonia has consisted of several small islands. Nearly 274 small islands exist in the Torres Strait Islands. These are a part of Queensland and a state of Australia. In the north of Australia, there located the second largest island of the world, New Guinea. The eastern portion of the island forms the mainland of the independent land of Papua New Guinea (Taylor Kumar, 2016). The indigenous inhabitants of Melanesia are Negroid people and Austronesian people came into contact with the pre-existing Papuan-speaking population about 4000 years ago. Maximum Melanesians belong to the Christian church, the value contingent upon the established church of the expatriate influence. However, many communities combined their Christian belief with the pre-Christian ethnic indigenous practices. Dense tropical forest actually permitted ethnic groups to stay reserved from one another. This stemmed in a much larger assortment of languages and cultures (Lawson, 2013). English has become the main medium of communication in Fiji and spoken by ethnic Fijians. French is the official language of New Caledonia, however, about twenty-seven indigenous languages belong to the sub-branch of Austronesian language coexist. There are 3 official languages for Papua New Guinea and over seven-hundred indigenous Papuan dialects or non-Austronesian and Austronesian languages as well. In West ern New Guinea, more than three hundred dialects with two hundred other tongues coexist. Seventy languages are spoken in the Solomon Islands. English is the official language but only two percent Solomon people speak English. Solomons Pijin is the prevalent language. Vanuatu has 3 official languages: French, English, and Bislama, while more than one hundred local dialects are spoken in Vanuatu (Blust, 2013). Sustenance is the chief feature of the Melanesian economies. Papua New Guinea is highly gifted with natural assets but proper exploitation has been hindered by harsh topography, lack of modern infrastructures, strict law, and regulation complications. Agronomy delivers a survival occupation for eighty-five percent of the total population. Mineral resources like copper, gold, and petroleum made up seventy-two percent of export incomes. The economy of Western New Guinea is less developed. The indigenous community survives by means of fishing, hunting, and cultivation of crops. Fiji is gifted with minerals, fish, and forest resources. Fiji has one of the most established economies among other Melanesian islands (Ward, 2013).New Caledoniahas about twenty-five percent ofnickel resources of the world. Only a minor proportion of the land is apt for agriculture and food products made up around twenty percent of imports. Tourism is also an important part of the economy. TheSolomon Islandsis a less economically developed land. More than seventy-five percent of Solomon Islandspopulation is involved in fishing and farming for living. Fishing provides the main economic support in theTorres Strait Islands along with subsistence horticulture. Pearlfarming is a key foundation of income for the Maluku island of Aru. Theeconomy of Vanuatu is centered on small-scale farming, which delivers the survival source for sixty-five percent of the populace. Tourism, offshore financial services and fishing and are additional supports (Ward, 2013). The climate of the Melanesian islands is tropical year-round. There is a warmer, more humid phase from November to April, and a chiller, drier period from May to October. The islands closer to the equator such as Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu are usually hotter than those situated in further south like Fiji, New Caledonia, Tonga, Cook Islands. High rainfalls occur in month of January and June is the driest month. On average, July is the coolest month in Melanesia. Numbers of tropical cyclones are high in these islands (McColl, 2014). Potential environmental changes By the completion of the decade 2031-2040, Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian Provinces of Papua and West Papua are estimated to experience total average land surface temperature rise of 0.5C to 1C from current time (Viles Spencer, 2014). Precipitation is likely to change slightly towards the northern coasts while increasing by ten percent to twenty percent all over the rest of the landmass. The external islands of PNG are predicted to have parallel temperature surges, with precipitation also estimated to upturn by ten percent to twenty percent. Cloud cover is not estimated to change a lot from the existing average during this period. The ocean ranges around the islands are expected to experience rise in the average sea-surface temperatures in between 0.5C to 1C by the conclusion of this decade (Taylor and Kumar 2016). The number of degree heat weeks per year is estimated to be between zero and five. Ocean acidification will start to impact regions all over New Guinea. Aragonite sa turation levels will decrease to underneath three, signifying that corals may experience difficulties making the calcium carbonate they require to form their skeletons. Vanuatu islands are also estimated to suffer same fate as PNG due to land and sea surface temperature rise, rainfall modifications and ocean acidification (Friedrich, 2012). By the conclusion of 2031-40 span, New Caledonia is estimated to observe average land surface temperature rise between 0.5C and 1C from present-day (Viles Spencer, 2014). Rainfall is projected to change little throughout the area, around ten percent. The ocean zones around New Caledonia are likely to see a rise in the average sea-surface temperature of between 0.5C and 1C (Viles Spencer, 2014). The figure of degree heat weeks per year is estimated to be between zero and five, and rainfall is projected to remain similar to the present yearly averages. The northern parts of Fiji will experience similar changes like New Caledonia. To the south of the main landmasses of Fiji, rainfall is expected to escalate from present by ten percent to twenty percent. Ocean acidification will be minimum in this region and aragonite saturation points are estimated to persist above three. Sea surface temperature is increasing rapidly near the equator and slowly in the upper latitudes. In the marine en vironment, temperature increase is about 0.1C. This higher temperature has emerged from the surface to a deepness of about 2300 feet (Taylor and Kumar 2016). Findings of the International Pacific Research Centre shown that sea surface-level in the north side of Melanesia have been increasing faster than the mean worldwide sea surface-level surge and prophecies are that sea-level will remain to grow more rapidly than the world-wide average, with an estimated increase of between 0.18 meter and 0.59 meter by the conclusion of this decade (Barros et al., 2014). Modifications in the El Nio and La Nia cycles can give rise to frequent tropical cyclones with increased intensity (Kingsford et al., 2011). Direct and indirect health impacts of climate change The direct biophysical impact of temperature rise is injuries and death caused due to the increased intensity of El Nio condition which is often responsible for increased precipitation and stronger cyclones. Indirect biophysical impacts due to extreme events like tropical cyclones, warmer and wetter climates are infectious and vector-borne diseases, making the indigenous population of Melanesia more susceptible (McMichael, 2013). The direct biophysical impact of warming ocean is the destruction of coral reefs and disappearance of reef fishes. Where fishing is one of the main means of living, extinction of important fish species can have distressing effects on the local population (Bell et al., 2011). The indirect impact of warmer ocean is that ocean becoming a suitable place for toxic algal blooms due to modification of coral reef ecosystem. These toxic blooms infect shellfishes which threaten the health condition of the Melanesian people who depend on shellfish for protein (IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, 2016). Changed rainfall conditions directly hamper agricultural activities and food production of Melanesian indigenous population. An indirect impact of high precipitation and flooding is penetration of coastline saltwater into the freshwater system and scarcity of drinking water (McMICHAEL Lindgren, 2011). Sea level rise has direct negative impacts associated with land loss. Land loss causes destruction of properties and also has negative impacts on mangrove ecosystem which gives shoreline protection and increases vulnerabilities of indigenous people such as indigenous people of Crab Bay in Vanuatu, who are highly dependent on mangrove resources for their income and food security (Ellison, 2015). Water stress is an indirect impact of sea-level rise which can cause serious health issues. This can be caused by effects of saline water intrusion into subsurface freshwater levels due to sea-level increase (McMICHAEL Lindgren, 2011). Climate change also negatively impacts on service and infrastructure environment on Melanesia. The impacts of extreme events like high rainfall, flood, and tropical cyclones are damage of transport facilities, delivery systems, business disruptions, damage to properties and infrastructures. Most of the fundamental infrastructures, such a power stations, hospitals, schools, farms, fuel tanks and towns located in Melanesian coastal and lower island regions. With the intensification in magnitude and frequency of cyclone events and sea-level rise, coastline zones are facing more amplified jeopardies of inundation, erosion, flooding and associated physical harms (Barnett, 2011). The environmental change also causes several challenges for transportation in Melanesia, including the closure of roads, airports, and bridges due to landslide and floods and destruction to port services. The resulting disruption of infrastructure would have direct impact on vital service and resource delivery in hospitals and health sectors. Service and infrastructure damages due to sea-level rise, flooding and cyclones have significant indirect impacts on water and sanitation (Barnett, 2011). Infrastructural economic cost depends on the scale of infrastructural developments and the intensity of hazards. In Vanuatu, infrastructure damage and associated costs for Port Vila under an extreme event scenario were projected to be approximately AU$640 million (Barnett, 2011). Climate change is found to have considerable damaging influences on social environment and well-being, effects which are mainly be felt by vulnerablepopulation. Indigenous communities especially the people of small islands will not only lose their lands, natural assets, and livelihoods but also their cultural and social identity due to climate change. They will become climate immigrants and will forcefully accept new and strange customs and practices (Campbell, 2014). Direct impacts of social environment change on health due to events like impaired place attachment, landscape modifications is psychological trauma. Psychological trauma is an immediate effect resulting from extreme climatic events and environmental changes. Events such asflooding and cyclonescan lead toanxietyand emotional stress. Temperature and sea-level rise caused social changes like migrations which can directly hamper mental well-being (McMICHAEL Lindgren, 2011). Indirect impacts relating to mental health are mo re gradual and cumulative. Extreme climatic events can impose indirect impacts through the immigration of indigenous communities due to stressors upon already inadequate resources. Common health disorders as an indirect effect due to these extreme weather events include depression,serious traumatic strain,complex grief,post-traumatic stress malady, sleep complications,anxiety, sexual dysfunction, and alcohol or drug abuse (McMICHAEL Lindgren, 2011). Description of the highest risks to the community The highest risks to the indigenous community of Melanesia arising from climate change related health impacts are decreasing in crop productivity, agricultural disturbance, and food scarcity. Increase in terrestrial temperature and change in precipitation patterns can damage food production. In Melanesia, crop productivity is estimated to decrease for even slight local temperature rise (1C-2C). A high number of indigenous people depends on fisheries and forest resources for food and income (Barnett, 2011). Sea-level upsurge, sea-surface temperature increase, and ocean acidification are destroying coral reef ecosystem and extinction of important fish species. Systematic evidence presented that, as a result of deficiency in adaptation strategies, high landmasses like Fiji could endure damages around USD 23-52 million for each year till 2050. Moreover, fisheries and aquaculture contribute significantly to the GDP and indigenous livelihood on Melanesian islands. Intense and frequent trop ical cyclones are adversely impacting inshore fisheries of these indigenous communities (Allen 2015). All this would increase the risk of hunger, exacerbate poverty with potentially large negative health effects in Melanesia (Barnett, 2011). Indigenous Melanesians are facing a high threat for their water resource damage by salt water intrusion in freshwater system. Freshwater resources in these islands are at risk because of their restricted small dimensions, availability, topography, and geology specifically in precipitation. With a 2C-4C surge in temperature, estimated economic damage aggregated up to 1 billion USD for damages of water resources. Drinking and agriculture water pressures formed by climatic changes will have dangerous impressions on poor indigenous communities who are reliant on their little water resources for survival (Allen 2015). With increased temperature and precipitation, Melanesian environment is becoming suitable for infectious, water-borne and vector-borne diseases. Warm, wet weather and climate change may work synergistically to increase disease burdens. Extreme events like landslides, tropical cyclones, and flooding create more promising breeding ground for pathogens and vectors (McMichael, 2013). Stronger cyclones mean stronger winds and these winds can carry vectors kilometers away, resulting in an introduction of new infections to the region that the land has never experienced before, making indigenous communities in that region even more susceptible. For instance, in Papua New Guinea highlands, malaria which was unfamiliar to the indigenous community has become a new hazard (McMICHAEL Lindgren, 2011). Description of four adaptation strategies for the community The Melanesian indigenous communities are coping with an unknown foe which threatens their very existence. Unfortunately, these indigenous people are ill prepared to tackle problem of climate change. Adaptation strategies for reducing the risk factors and their implementation is vital for well-being of indigenous Melanesian communities (McIver et al., 2015). The 4 main adaptation strategies for Melanesian indigenous communities are legislative, public education, infrastructural development and health intervention related adaptations. Legislative or regulatory adaptations are important for managing health issues related to food and water scarcity and reducing the risk of diseases. Risk assessment of possible effects of climate change must be integrated into food production policies and incorporation of climate change and health considerations into food production and monitoring activities are essential. Mechanisms must be incorporated in the regulatory system to supply food in remote communities. Regulatory boundaries on land-use and development in coastline areas can effectively reduce the agricultural damage and physical injuries during extreme events (Abel et al, 2011). Regulations are also needed for managing water scarcity (Barnett et al., 2013). Water conservation regulations, regulation for the use of grey-water, addition of climate change and health related reflections in vulnerability impact assessment are necessary adaptation strategies (IPCC, 2014). The indigenous people of Melanesia have very little knowledge about impacts of climate change. Public education and communication regarding nutritional standers of food are highly required. Education curriculums for primary producers on potential negative influences of climate change on agricultural and fishery practice is a vital adaptation measure (Gero, 2011). Raising awareness in these islands with respect to the imminent threats of sea-level growth and impacts of climatic alteration and intimidations in vulnerable areas is extremely needed (Barnett, 2013). Strengthening community resilience and health through community-based health programs, cross-departmental information sharing and task forces for managing impacts of climate changes on coastal indigenous communities must include in these adaptive strategies (Gero, 2011). Long-term strategic plans for infrastructure development for agriculture is needed in Melanesia. Appropriate land use can reduce the risk of food damage during flood and cyclone events. The introduction of modern infrastructures for producing own food, harvesting crops and seafood can help in adaptation. Assessment of water infrastructure with respect to amplified possibilities of extreme precipitation, cyclones and droughts are required. Infrastructural development is also necessary in the fields of climate forecasting to deliver timely warning to the population most likely to be affected, emergency management plans, climate resilient resources and sanitation practice (Field, 2012). Health interventions is another central adaptive strategy. Medical resource management and improved level of first-aid training of indigenous community members in vulnerable areas are crucial. To avoid the water-borne diseases during extreme events, appropriate medical interventions and Responses are also indispensable. Confirming access to treatment in remote and vulnerable communities and enhanced trainings on symptoms and treatment of disease must be incorporated (Hess, 2012). Description of sectors important for the vulnerability assessment The indigenous people of Melanesia are clearly vulnerable to the deleterious impacts of environmental changes. Many people in PNG and Vanuatu have already been migrated to other places due to sea-level rising and other climate change impacts. Workable programs and achievable action plans on the climate change impacts is imperative for the Melanesian islands. At the national level, Melanesian islands demand advanced suitable domestic policies and legal frameworks to deal with the impacts of climate change (Abel et al, 2011). Involvement of sectors like healthcare, legal, agriculture, research, education and communication are essential for vulnerability assessment of the Melanesian indigenous communities. These sectors and the local government together can provide a channel for indigenous communities to access much-required resources and other supports to accept adaptation actions to diminish the effects of climate change on their environment, property, and livelihoods (Barnett et al., 2013). According to Hess (2012), healthcare providers can improve the quality of life and life expectancy of these people by raising environmental awareness. These people need immediate actions by their governmental body at the domestic level and neighbour countries at the regional level not only to adopt management strategies but also to protect their lives and safeguard their future. Local climate change holistic policies and laws are also vital to protect indigenous people, their properties, economics and cultural identities (Abel et al, 2011). Participation of agricultural stakeholders in regional agricultural vulnerability assessment is vital for introducing alternate crops, drought resistant, pest resistant and sustainable crops (McIver et al., 2015). Scientists increasingly giving emphasis on engagement of agricultural stakeholders in order to develop more acceptable and applicable solutions for climate change impacts, adaptations and vulnerability assessments (Fellmann, 2012). Mittter et al. (2014), confirmed the utility of the outcomes to notify the public about local climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability in agriculture. Involvement of educational professionals can raise awareness among the indigenous communities about coastal protection, water resource management, nature conservation and sustainable use and renewable energies. Information gathered through vulnerability assessment such as connection between climate change, temperature surge, extreme weather events, and rainfall changes on the cost and availability of locally grown foods can be delivered to indigenous communities with the help of awareness camps (Fellmann, 2012). Local communities can sometimes possess much vital information about changing climate which can be significant for vulnerability assessment, thus, effective communication with the indigenous people are required (Berrang-Ford, 2011). Implementation projects with local associates can illustrate the economic opportunities of innovative responses to climate change. According to McIver et al. (2015), effective vulnerability assessment can be done by improved communication ways bet ween the meteorology services, healthcare system, climate-based early warning systems and other stakeholders. Researchers can have important involvement in domestic valuations of vulnerability to extreme events, identification of vulnerable communities, improvement of early warning structures for tropical cyclones, extreme precipitation, and droughts. assessment of current vector and disease control methods, understanding of transmission dynamics including vector ecology and reservoir host, development of vaccines, natural control mechanisms of vectors, applied environmental epidemiological research focusing on climate-sensitive diseases, molecular tracing of water-borne pathogens etc. (IPCC, 2014). As stated by McIver et al. (2015), Gero (2011) and many other authors, coordination and data linkages between all these sectors, both public and private is essential for proper vulnerability assessment and implementation of adaptation strategies. References Abel, N., Gorddard, R., Harman, B., Leitch, A., Langridge, J., Ryan, A., Heyenga, S. (2011). Sea level rise, coastal development and planned retreat: analytical framework, governance principles and an Australian case study. Environmental Science Policy,14(3), 279-288. Allen, B., 2015. Will a major El Nio event disrupt village food production in Papua New Guinea in 2015.SSGM in Brief,39. Barnett, J. (2011). Dangerous climate change in the Pacific Islands: food production and food security.Regional Environmental Change,11(1), 229-237. Barnett, J., ONeill, S., Waller, S., Rogers, S. (2013). Reducing the risk of maladaptation in response to sea-level rise and urban water scarcity. Successful adaptation to climate change: linking science and policy in a rapidly changing world. New York: Routledge, 37-49. Barros, V. R., Field, C. B., Dokke, D. J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Mach, K. J., Bilir, T. E., Girma, B. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Bell, J. D., Johnson, J. E., Hobday, A. J. (Eds.). (2011).Vulnerability of tropical Pacific fisheries and aquaculture to climate change. SPC FAME Digital Library. Berrang-Ford, L., Ford, J. D., Paterson, J. (2011). Are we adapting to climate change?Global environmental change,21(1), 25-33. Blust, R. (2013).The Austronesian languages. Asia-Pacific Linguistics. Campbell, J. R. (2014). Climate-change migration in the Pacific.The contemporary pacific,26(1), 1-28. Ellison, J. C. (2015). Vulnerability assessment of mangroves to climate change and sea-level rise impacts.Wetlands Ecology and Management, 23(2), 115-137. Fellmann, T. (2012). The assessment of climate change-related vulnerability in the agricultural sector: reviewing conceptual frameworks.Building resilience for adaptation to climate change in the agriculture sector,23, 37. Field, C. B. (Ed.). (2012).Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation: special report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press. Friedrich, T., Timmermann, A., Abe-Ouchi, A., Bates, N. R., Chikamoto, M. O., Church, M. J., Ilyina, T. (2012). Detecting regional anthropogenic trends in ocean acidification against natural variability.Nature Climate Change,2(3), 167-171. Fuchs, S., Kuhlicke, C., Meyer, V. (2011). Editorial for the special issue: vulnerability to natural hazardsthe challenge of integration.Natural Hazards,58(2), 609-619. Gero, A., Mheux, K., Dominey-Howes, D. (2011). Integrating community based disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation: examples from the Pacific.Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,11(1), 101-113. Haimes, Y. Y. (2015).Risk modeling, assessment, and management. John Wiley Sons. Hess, J. J., McDowell, J. Z., Luber, G. (2012). Integrating climate change adaptation into public health practice: using adaptive management to increase adaptive capacity and build resilience.Environmental Health Perspectives,120(2), 171. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2014).Climate Change 2014Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Regional Aspects. Cambridge University Press. IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. (2016).Ipcc.ch. Kingsford, R. T., Seabrook-Davison, M. N., Seabrook-Davison, J., Watson, J. E., Brunton, D. H. (2011). Climate Change in OceaniaA synthesis of biodiversity impacts and adaptations.Pacific Conservation Biology,17(3), 270-284. Lawson, S. (2013). Melanesia The History and Politics of an Idea.The Journal of Pacific History,48(1), 1-22. McColl, R. W. (2014).Encyclopedia of world geography(Vol. 1). Infobase Publishing. McIver, L., Kim, R., Woodward, A., Hales, S., Spickett, J., Katscherian, D., Naicker, J. (2015). Health impacts of climate change in Pacific island countries: a regional assessment of vulnerabilities and adaptation priorities.Environ Health Perspect. McMichael, A. J. (2013). Globalization, climate change, and human health. New England Journal of Medicine,368(14), 1335-1343. McMICHAEL, A. J., Lindgren, E. (2011). Climate change: present and future risks to health, and necessary responses.Journal of internal medicine,270(5), 401-413. Mitter, H., Kirchner, M., Schmid, E., Schnhart, M. (2014). The participation of agricultural stakeholders in assessing regional vulnerability of cropland to soil water erosion in Austria.Regional environmental change, 14(1), 385-400. Moret, W. (2014). Vulnerability Assessment Methodologies: A Review of the Literature. Taylor, S., Kumar, L. (2016). Global climate change impacts on pacific islands terrestrial biodiversity: a review.Trop Conserv Sci,9, 203-223. Viles, H., Spencer, T. (2014).Coastal problems: geomorphology, ecology and society at the coast. Routledge. Ward, G. (2013). Prehistoric settlement and economy in a tropical small island environment: the Banks Islands, insular Melanesia.

How to Write a Case Study †An Easy Step by Step Guide

As freelance writers, we are always on the lookout for ways to generate more profit and higher rates from our writing services, right? Adding services, like case studies, can be highly profitable and can help to advance your skills as a web writer. If you arent too familiar with them, case studies help businesses tell a story about how theyve helped their customers reach their goals and how their products or services add value to their customers’ bottom line. However, writing a case study is different than other forms of content marketing that businesses might use, such as white papers or blog posts. It’s not an ebook or even a general article. So, what is a case study and how do you effectively write one? Whether youre a new or experienced online writer looking to expand your services, I want to share with you how to successfully write case studies that will wow your clients. In this post, I will share with you what a case study is, how to research for a case study, how to write a case study, give you some case study examples, and even share my tried and true template for formatting my case studies. You don’t have to be an expert case study writer to offer this as a service to your clients either. If you want to try your hand at case studies, you can add to your portfolio and even write one for yourself and focus on how youve helped your clients with their goals. Ive had many of my course students write case studies for clients when they had never written one before. Adding case studies to their services has helped them to get high-paying projects as a new writer. Even if you are an experienced writer, its always beneficial to get some extra help when taking on a new type of writing service. So, lets dive into how to write a case study when youre new to all of this! Case Study Definition Case studies offer real-life examples of how your client was able to take their customers from point A to point B. Similar to white papers, case studies use cold, hard statistics. Case studies are also research-driven and require setting up interviews and developing interview questions. One thing you should know right away is that writing case studies require a little more research and time-intensive hours than other forms of writing. Not only are you gathering analytics and interviewing clients or customers, but youre also telling a story. You have to be able to mesh together the numbers and the emotion of the case study to create a written work that will become a powerful piece of advertising for your client. If youre new to this style of writing, its easy to see how case studies can be confused with white papers as both are research-driven. However, there are two very large differences that make case studies unique. The first is case studies are more interview-driven about a successful strategy while white papers are more written like a report about a new feature from a business. The second part is the story behind how your client was able to provide their customers with value that brought them results. Even if your client is meticulously tracking their customers’ before and after results, you have to get the story behind that information to write an informative and highly valuable case study. One of the biggest advantages of offering case studies as a service is that you can charge a lot more for them. Typical case studies are anywhere between $500 to $1500 and more. Finally, most case studies are short-form content. Case studies, unlike white papers, are often much shorter but the information gathering process can be just as time-intensive. Case studies, therefore, only span a few pages and are usually under 1500 words. Case Study Examples For some, learning how to write a case study   requires looking at examples of what a great case study looks like. Companies often use case studies as a way to market their services to potential customers. It helps to showcase how theyre able to solve their customers’ problems and bring them value – kind of like a testimonial – only with way more information! For example, Drift uses case studies to highlight how theyre helping their customers book new business and increase leads through the use of real-time messaging chatbots. Heres a case study from Drift that focuses on how they helped Aventri book $1.7 million in new sales in just five months! Or this case study on how Groupon used Sprinklr to increase their customer response time by responding to 76% of their customer messages within 30 minutes. Any kind of business can use case studies to highlight their client success stories. If the business can get testimonials, it can have a case study written. Like Clio, a legal practice management and client intake software increased their chat leads by 625% within five months for their global sales team. Drift and Sprinklr, as well as thousands of other businesses like Wishpond and Creative Industries, use case studies to highlight how their products have helped their customers’ businesses, which in turn, helps to get new customers interested in their products or services. While many businesses use case studies in a B2B format, businesses can also use case studies to market directly to customers. As well, case studies can also be podcasts, testimonials,d or blog posts like this one for the Allergy Kit. Case Study Template Now that you know what a case study is, lets break down exactly what you should put into your case study to help your clients bring in more business. Here is a simple case study template that I follow that you can use to get started writing your first case study. 1.  Ã‚   Introduction The introduction of your case study should always talk about your client. You can mention their brand, their industry, their services, and any other relevant information. Then, you can make sure to share some important details that highlight what makes them different – their unique selling point. You can also briefly mention the problem that the customer faced that relates to the solution that the client was able to provide, without going into too much detail. This is what I did in my mock case study example. 2.  Ã‚   Their Challenges In this section, talk about the issues, challenges, or any pain points that the customer was facing that the client wanted you to address (you learn about this in the interview process). Go much more in-depth about the customer’s problem in this section of your case study. How did this problem develop? Was it a pre-existing issue or something new? Was this problem due to changes in their market or other unforeseen circumstances? Also talk about what the customer’s initial goals were for working with the client, and how they expected to have their problem solved; this will lead to part four of the case study. Lastly, why did the customer choose to work with my client specifically? This is great information to have as it will help to further build the client’s social proof. 3.  Ã‚   The Solution The solution part of the case study is where you can mention all the great things that you client did to help their customers achieve amazing results. Did the client offer a tried and true method to solve the issue or did they do something new? What parts of the client’s team were involved and how did they contribute? What was the end solution, what did it look like? How did the client use their products or services to solve their customer’s issues? What was the timeline involved in delivering the solution to the customer? Try to only focus on the things that potential customers will care about and don’t worry about including things they will not. I always make sure to tailor my writing to appeal to the particular avatar that the client is marketing to (you find this out in the interview process as well). 4.  Ã‚   The Results This is where you can include stats about the progress. Discuss how the client solved their customers issues or accomplished the objectives they set out to achieve. This is the part that ties back into section #2, their challenges. If you collected or made any fancy charts or graphs, include them in the results section. Make sure to also focus on the benefits that the client’s customers received that go beyond any of the stats listed. If this is a case study that covers a longer period of time, I like to include both immediate and long term benefits that the customers have experienced. In talking about the various stats, try and highlight one as the most important and talk about why that is. Finally, focus on the relationship between the client and their customer and how the customer now feels about their ROI. Was it worth it? Would they hire the client again? How Do You Write a Case Study? Now that you saw a basic case study template, lets dive into how to write a case study for your clients. Writing case studies includes three parties, you (the writer), the company you are writing the case study for (client), and who the case study is being written about (customer). The steps to actually writing a case study are not much different than any other form of writing. It includes research from your client and their customers and the writing itself, being a bit less formal than a white paper. Finally, you need to know how to format your case study and how to go about gathering all of the information that you need. Here are some things to consider when writing your case study: Your client’s ideal customer (their avatar) The case study format Researching the company Interviewing clients and customers Putting together the numbers and emotion Your Client’s Ideal Customer While you find this out during the interviewing process, its worth noting here. Before you write your first word, you need to know who your client’s ideal customer is, who they are specifically trying to market to. While some companies might only offer one service that they target one specific customer, others might have multiple. You need to know who youre talking to before you start talking. How to Format a Case Study There are several different ways you can format a case study. A case study can be used as a lead magnet or a blog post. They can even be repurposed and turned into sharable infographics or brochures. You can write your case study on whatever writing platform youre most comfortable with, such as Google Docs or Microsoft Word. If youre looking for a formatted case study that can really catch a customer’s eye, Venngage has some really colorful and beautiful case study templates. Make sure that youre clarifying with the client beforehand exactly what theyre looking for and what their expectations are. Technically speaking, it’s not your job as the writer to format the case study. However, if youre confident in your design skills you can offer that service as an add-on. You can also easily create beautifully formatted case studies in free programs like Canva, PicMonkey and even Google Docs (thats what I used for my mock up case study template). How to Research for a Case Study Make sure you know enough about the company before you write a case study for them. You should at least know about their history, what products and services they offer, and what value they bring their customers. Its helpful to interview someone from the client’s company thats familiar with marketing so they can give you some insight into how their services are marketed. You need to know how theyre planning on using the case study in their marketing to really make it effective. For example, a case study that will be a blog post might be different than a case study that will be a lead magnet. Interviewing Clients and Customers You should have two main points of contact for interviews. One from your client and one from their customer base. As mentioned before, the client you interview should have knowledge of the marketing aspect of the business. This will help to make sure that what youre writing about is in line with their marketing goals. The customer you interview should, first of all, know the goal of the interview and be able to give you the information and stats youre looking for. They should also be able to tell you their story and how the client’s service or product benefitted them and added value to their business and to their bottom line. The actual interview itself can take place over Skype or video chat, on the phone, or if necessary through email. Although, I would suggest actually talking to people – rather than email – as there might be more questions and further insight that comes up during the conversation. Putting it All Together This is where you flex your copywriting skills. Compile all of your data and present it in a way that is engaging to the reader. You don’t want a boring list of statistics that are going to put your reader to sleep. This is the part of the case study where the story really comes together and focuses on how your client was able to deliver amazing results to their customers. You can also format the case study during this time as well. Writing Case Study Questions Do you have some questions about writing case studies? Lets look at the most common questions. How long do writing case studies take? It depends on who you are interviewing. If you can reach the company or person quickly, it can take a few weeks to a month to compile the information and write the case study. However, for some interviews, it can take months before you solidify a date for an interview. What is the typical length of a case study? Most case studies are short and no more than 1500 words. What should a case study include? The most important things a case study should include is the problem and how the company being profiled helped solved the problem. Case studies are success stories, so laying out the problem is key to understanding if the process was successful. What/how should you quote pricing for case studies? My recommendation is to either price each case study individually or to have a starting rate of $300-$500. One thing to note is that case study writing isnt usually recurring, so adding additional services to your freelance writing business is important. How to Market Case Study Writing to Businesses Okay. Lets look at how you can market yourself as a case study writer. 1. Build a Case Study Portfolio To show potential clients proof that you can write a case study, have writing samples in your portfolio to support this. It can be as easy as a mock up – like the one I crated for this post – to guest posting about the importance of white papers for businesses. 2. Niche Yourself as a Case Study Writer Its a good idea to title yourself as a case study writer, if you primarily want to write case studies. For example, Bonnie mentions her case study writing as the first thing on her services page. She does a great job by also providing: A case study testimonial Case study writing samples A case study checklist for people who want to DIY it Tips to writing a case study (which are more writing samples for her) Its also a good idea to title yourself as a case study writer on social media too! 3. Provide Informational Guest Posts on Case Studies A great marketing strategy to use is to guest post on topics that relate to how case studies can help businesses with their bottom line. Find blogs that your ideal client reads or visit business blogs that accept guest posts and guest post those types of topics! Writing a Case Study There ya go! How to write a case study with some case study examples and more! I hope you find this helpful and start pitching to businesses as a case study writer! For more posts like this, look at my How to Write Series: How to Write a White Paper – A Simple Step by Step Guide How to Write a Writing Sample for a Job How to Write an About Me Page as a Freelance Writer How Writing a Cover Letter Can Help You Land That Job Over to you – tell me if case studies is something you will offer now!

Chemistry Abbreviations Starting With the Letter L

Chemistry Abbreviations Starting With the Letter L Chemistry abbreviations and acronyms are common in all fields of science. This collection offers common abbreviations and acronyms beginning with the letter L used in chemistry and chemical engineering. List of Abbreviations Starting With the Letter L l - angular momentum quantum numberL or l - lengthL- - LevorotatoryL - literl - liquidLa - LanthanumLA - Linoleic AcidLA - Lactic AcidLA - Lewis Acid LAE - Lyman Alpha EmitterLAB - Linear Alkyl BenzeneLASER - Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of RadiationLB - Lewis Baselb - poundLBNL - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryLC - Liquid CooledLC - Liquid ChromatographyLC - Liquid CrystalLC-MS Liquid Chromotography with Mass SpectroscopyLCB - Long Chain BaseLCP - Le Chateliers PrincipleLCS - Laboratory Control SampleLD - Lethal DoseLD50 - Lethal Dose- 50%LDF - London Dispersion ForceLDP - Low Density PolyethyleneLEOGER - Losing Electron Oxidation/Gaining Electron ReductionLEP - Large Electron-Positron colliderLF - Low FrequencyLFL - Lower Flammable LimitLG - Leaving GroupLGB - Lotte Gas BoilerLH - Low HeatLH - Light HydrocarbonLH2 - Liquid HydrogenLHC - Large Hadron ColliderLHH - Light, Heat, HumidityLi - LithiumLIBS - Laser Induced Breakdown SpectroscopyLiP - Lithium Polymer ba tteryLiq - LiquidLLD - Liquid Level DetectionLLE - Liquid-Liquid EquilibriumLLNL - Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLMA - Low Moisture AbsorptionLME - Liquid Metal EmbritlementLMH - Liquid HydrogenLN - Liquid Nitrogenln - natural logarithmLNG - Liquid Natural GasLO - Localized OrbitalsLOD - Loss On DryingLOQ - Limit Of QuantificationLOX - Liquid OxygenLP - Liquid PetroleumLP - Liquid PropaneLPA - Liquid Pressure AmplifierLPG - Liquid Petroleum GasLq - LiquidLqd - LiquidLr - LawrenciumLSE - Low Surface EnergyLSD - Lysergic Acid DiethylamideLT - Less ThanLt - lightLT - Low TemperatureLTE - Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium LTG - Liquid To GasLTOEL - Long Term Occupational Exposure LimitLu - LutetiumLUMO - Lowest Unoccupied Molecular OrbitalLV - Low VolatilityLVS - Large Volume SamplerLw - Lawrencium (Changed to Lr)LWC - Light Water ContentLWG - Liquid Water in Grams

They Can Get Inside You Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

They Can Get Inside You - Essay Example From the opening chapter of the book, we see that even though Winston has somehow been able to resist and question the party, he still absorbs its influence. As he sits writes in the diary for the first time, he remembers a recent two minutes hate session. Even though the charade of Goldstein and the hate sessions is so "exaggerated and perverse that a child should have been able to see through it" (Orwell 14), Winston is not entirely immune to the emotion it is intended to evoke. He feels the hatred that he is supposed to feel: "the very next instant he was at one with the people around him, andhis secret loathing of Big Brother changed into adoration". (Orwell 17) His hatred may not be directed at the intended target, but it indicates that Winston, like everyone else, is at the very least susceptible to the party's brainwashing. He feels the hatred, and that is enough: they are inside him. They are inside Julia, too. Julia appears to be a faithful party member, so much so that Winston suspects she is a spy for the Thought Police. Like Winston, she is a secret rebel, but her view of their world is different from Winston's. She is less concerned with ideologies and does not take much interest when Winston theorizes about the nature of the party. Unlike Winston, who dreams of a different world and a different life, Julia accepts the world as it is, and instead of dreaming, rebels in ways that make her life more bearable. Julia is intelligent but does not think deeply on the corruption within the party and what it means. She accepts the history she was taught in school without question, and does not remember that four years ago the country's enemy was a different one. She is bored and falls asleep when Winston reads to her from Goldstein's book. All these things indicate that Julia, despite her rebellious nature, is still influenced by the party. They are inside her, beca use she is "unwilling and unable to think too deeply on any subject whatever", just as she has been taught by the party. (Orwell 220) Winston and Julia both consider themselves intellectually free. They know the party is a lie and they are both against it, though for different reasons. But Julia is wrong when she says the party can't get inside them, and can't influence how they feel. They don't seem to understand how pervasive the party's influence really is, or perhaps they consider it unimportant because their conscious is free even if their subconscious is not. However when they are caught, they both end up losing that freedom of consciousness, and their loyalty to each other. During his stay in the Ministry of Love, Winston is subjected to mental and physical torture for an undefined length of time. O'Brien shows him that the party control the past and the present and shows him that 2 + 2 = 5 if the party says it does. Eventually Winston is allowed to physically recover, but during a dream he becomes aware that the party has not penetrated the deepest part of his mind - he still loves Julia, and hates Big Brother. He has tried to "keep the inner heart inviolate" (Orwell 293) and this has caused him to commit thoughtcrime. He decides that the only solution is to suppress his hatred towards the party and Big Brother so that it cannot escape from his subconscious, but instead O'Brien takes him to Room 101. In

Facquier Gas Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Facquier Gas Company - Case Study Example On top of that an additional 10 miles had to be planned for the following year. Murphy was tasked with the supply of gas distribution materials like pipes, meters, and fittings and basically all the materials required to make the project a success. The vice-president of the organization was in charge of supply, designing and construction organizations. While having lunch at the company cafeteria in January, Murphy overheard the Mr. Clive Byers (construction project manager) talking of a new Fauquier Gas Company project. The company had to start construction of a new 3.5 miles gas line in June and it had to be ready by September. For the project to be completed at the expected time, murphy requested Byers to furnish him with the purchase request so he could tender the same to the mills that would be able to accommodate his schedule. However, Byers told him he had to first get Sam Law (design engineer) to complete pipe specification after which Pat Wilson (construction project engineer) approval would give the green light for the start of the project. Only then would Byers send Murphy the purchase request. This consequently required consultation for the project to be completed in time. The specifications of the pipe that Pat Wilson gave Murphy were a diameter of the pipe being 24 inches with a wall thickness of 0.75 inches with a length of 57 feet. Previously, the pipe used to have wall thickness used to be 3/8 inches while the length was 40 feet plus or minus 5 feet. The new specifications were intended to reduce the stringiness by having a thickness of  ¾ inches thickness while increase in length to 57 foot would reduce welding cost. Wilson had to decide on the wrapper to use on the pipe by making economic considerations. Previously, Fauquier contracted two companies which used coal and pry-tech and were located in Philadelphia and Atlanta respectively. What worried Mr. Murphy the most is that by April 14th; he had not received the

Locke: Of Identity And Diversity

Locke: Of Identity And Diversity I will begin by analyzing John Lockes theory of personal identity. Locke describes personal identity in his chapter Of Identity and Diversity, where he differentiates identity into different components until he creates a more general account of identity. Locke begins by explaining how Each individual atom is the same at a time, and stays the same over time.1It is in his first few lines that Locke stresses that identity for atoms depends on their continued identical existence over time. He then makes it clear that the most important part of identity of an organism is the continuation of the same life. However, Lockes difficulty is in deciding if physical or psychological continuity was more important. It is clear that Locke rejects the idea that the identity of the human body is a necessary part of the identity of a person. Locke proves this point using his example of the soul of a prince in the body of a cobbler: For should the soul of a prince, carrying with it the consciousness of the princes past life, enter and inform the body of a cobbler, as soon as deserted by his own soul, everyone sees he would be the same person with the prince, accountable only for the princes actions; but who would say it was the same man?2 In this example Locke shows that the human body is not necessary in personal identity since you could have the same person in two different bodies. Since the physical body cannot maintain personal identity, Locke comes to the conclusion that it must be the psychological aspect of humanity that retains personal identity. 1It is at this point that the emphasis of identity is placed on the psychological rather than the physical aspect of life as stated in Lockes second book: This may show us wherein personal identity consists: not in the identity of substance, but in the identity of consciousness3 Lockes next point was to differentiate between a man and a person. He uses the example of a rational talking parrot and compares it to an organism with the same shape as a human being though; it is unable to engage in rational discourse.1 This thought experiment is used by Locke to demonstrate that rationality is not an essential part of a man. Since rational discourse was not a necessary part of man. Locke expressed identity using something else. Thus, Locke finally narrowed down the integral part of personal identity to consciousness. Lockes definition of conscious is as follows: Consciousness is both a necessary and a sufficient condition for a morally vital sense of personal identity.3 Locke describes the essence of self as being their consciousness, which he states as something distinguishable for every thinking thing. This consciousness is described as the sameness of a rational being. The unique characteristic of consciousness is that allows it to retain personal identity is that it can be extended backwards to any past action or thought. It is this characteristic that Locke uses to explain his theory of personal identity. 4Locke also disagrees with the Cartesian view of the soul, which held that a mans soul was of an entirely different essence than his body, focusing more on the connectedness of the same conscious thought. Therefore, Locke reaches the conclusion that personal identity can only be achieved through psychological continuity. As a result of this, psychological continuity relies only on the beings ability to consciously look back on their previous existence and be able to distinguish between conscious thought and memory. This distinction is extremely important to bec ause Locke is frequently ambiguous when dealing with both terms. When he refers to conscious memory, he implies that it represents the consciousness of a past experience. Conscious thought, on the other hand, involves perceiving that one perceives. Locke explains that when we will anything, we are always conscious of it. Psychological continuity, as Locke describes it, also insinuates that a person who exists at one time is indistinguishable with a person who exists at a second time only if the first person remembers some past experience that connects the second person to the second time. Therefore, Lockes definition of personal identity centers around the continuity of the consciousness, which is able to relate past and present memories and retain some sense of self awareness. Now that I have explained and given an analysis of Lockes theory of personal identity, I will now evaluate the validity of Lockes theory by proving that his account of personal identity is incorrect. Lockes arguments contain flaws from their conception. I have a great difficulty with Lockes statement of self-conscious awareness as the main constituent of personal identity since intrinsically that consciousness is available only to each unique self. Due to this dilemma, third party juries will be subject to error in many cases. In order to further explain this point, I will divide my argument into two questions; what does personal identity consist of and how can one tell a person is the same? First, since Locke defined personal identity as a persons consciousness, I will use that as my basis for this argument. Thus, since we can only tell a person through their physical aspect, it becomes impossible to distinguish if someone elses consciousness resides in the person you are looking at . An example would be if a person robbed a bank but wasnt conscious of the fact that he performed the act in the first place. According to Locke, the man should be free of all charges since he wasnt the same person who robbed the bank. This however is preposterous if in a courtroom there is evidence of that person robbing the bank, the only exception being if the person could prove they lost consciousness throughout the event. Another error found within Lockes argument centers around the fact that even though a person can switch bodies, it is the consciousness that determines the identity of the bodies. Thus it is clear that while Lockes statements seem perfectly rational in theory, practically though, they have no weight. Another flaw found in Lockes argument, is in how he leaves out particular cases where his theory of psychological continuity cannot apply. First however, I must define the distinction between person and man. Locke defines man as a living body of some particular sh ape. A person, on the other hand, is an intelligent thinking being that can know itself as itself the same thinking thing in different times and places.4An example of this would be humans who remain in vegetative conditions and show no mental faculties whatsoever. According to Lockes description of personal identity these human beings are not considered persons since nothing can be discovered from their past in order for that individual to define their psychological identity. Lockes argument between man and person becomes too controversial since the definition of both terms can never truly be settled. In conclusion, after providing examples to counterclaim Lockes argument that personal identity originates from psychological continuity it is clear that Lockes view on identity is too flawed to be correct when defining identity for each person. 1William, Uzgalis. John Locke > The Immateriality of the Soul and Personal Identity (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/supplement.html (accessed October 13, 2010). 2Locke, John. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto: Dover Publications, 2005. 517-518. 3John, Locke. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto: Dover Publications, 2005. 514. 4John, Locke. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto: Dover Publications, 2005. 515. sBibliography Uzgalis, William. John Locke > The Immateriality of the Soul and Personal Identity (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/supplement.html (accessed October 13, 2010). Locke, John. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto: Dover Publications, 2005. 517-518. Locke, John. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto: Dover Publications, 2005. 514. Locke, John. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto: Dover Publications, 2005. 515.